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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">mathematics</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Вестник российских университетов. Математика</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Russian Universities Reports. Mathematics</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2686-9667</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2782-3342</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Тамбовский государственный университет имени Г.Р. Державина</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.20310/2686-9667-2024-29-147-233-243</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">mathematics-71</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Универсальный метод Монте–Карло для процессов Леви и его экстремумов</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Universal Monte Carlo method for Lévy processes and their extrema</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3655-4319</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гречко</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grechko</surname><given-names>Alexander S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">alex@itparadigma.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4331-0204</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кудрявцев</surname><given-names>Олег Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kudryavtsev</surname><given-names>Oleg E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">koe@donrta.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО НПФ «ИнВайз Системс»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>InWise Systems, LLC</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>ООО НПФ «ИнВайз Системс»; ГКОУ ВО «Ростовский филиал Российской таможенной академии»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>InWise Systems, LLC; Rostov Branch of the Russian Customs Academy</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>29</volume><issue>147</issue><fpage>233</fpage><lpage>243</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Гречко А.С., Кудрявцев О.Е., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гречко А.С., Кудрявцев О.Е.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Grechko A.S., Kudryavtsev O.E.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://mathematics.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/71">https://mathematics.elpub.ru/jour/article/view/71</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье предложен универсальный подход построения методов Монте--Карло для вычисления цен опционов с выплатами, зависящими от совместного распределения конечного положения процесса Леви $X_T$ и его инфимума $\mathcal{I}_T$ (или супремума $\mathcal{S}_T$). Мы выводим приближенные формулы для условных функций распределения процесса Леви $\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x|\mathcal{S}_{T}=y)$ ($\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x|\mathcal{I}_{T}=y)$), которые выражаются через частную производную по $y$ функции совместного распределения $\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x,\mathcal{S}_{T}&lt;y)$ (\!$\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x,\mathcal{I}_{T}&lt;y)\!$) и плотности инфимума (или супремума) в конечный момент времени.Применив преобразование Лапласа к функции совместного распределения процесса Леви и его экстремума, мы используем приближенную факторизацию Винера--Хопфа для представления образа ее частной производной. Обращая преобразование Лапласа с помощью алгоритма Гавера--Стехфеста, мы находим искомую условную функцию распределения. Разработанный алгоритм симуляции совместного положение процесса Леви и его экстремума в заданный момент времени состоит из двух ключевых этапов. На первом этапе мы симулируем значение экстремума процесса Леви на основе аппроксимации его функции распределения $\mathbf{P}(\mathcal{S}_{T}&lt;x)$ (или $\mathbf{P}(\mathcal{I}_{T}&lt;x)$). На втором этапе мы симулируем конечное значение процесса Леви на основе аппроксимации условной функции распределения конечного положения процесса Леви относительно его экстремума.Универсальность разработанного нами метода Монте--Карло заключается в реализации единообразного подхода для широкого класса процессов Леви, в отличие от классических подходов, когда симуляции существенным образом опираются на особенности вероятностного распределения, связанного с моделируемым случайным процессом или его экстремумами. В нашем подходе достаточно знать характеристическую экспоненту  процесса Леви. Наиболее затратный по времени вычислительный блок по симуляции случайной величины на основе известной функции распределения может быть эффективно реализован с помощью нейросетей и ускорен за счет параллельных вычислений.  Таким образом, с одной стороны, предлагаемый нами подход подходит для широкого класса моделей Леви, с другой --- допускает комбинирование с~методами машинного обучения.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article proposes a universal approach to constructing Monte Carlo methods for pricing options with payoffs depending on the joint distribution of the final position of the L\'evy process $X_T$ and its infimum $\mathcal{I}_T$ (or supremum $\mathcal{S}_T$). We derive approximate formulas for the conditional cumulative distribution functions of the L\'evy process  ${\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x|\mathcal{S}_{T}=y)}$ ($\mathbf{P}(X_{T}&lt;x| \mathcal{I}_{T}=y)$), which are expressed through the partial derivative with respect to $y$ of the joint cumulative distribution function $\mathbf{P}(X_{T}\!&lt;x, \mathcal{S}_{T}\!&lt; y)$ (\!$\mathbf{P}(X_{T}\!&lt; x, \mathcal{I}_{T}\!&lt; y)\!$) and the density of the infimum (or supremum) at the final moment of time.By applying the Laplace transform to the joint cumulative distribution function of the L\'evy process and its extremum, we use the approximate Wiener--Hopf factorization to represent the image of its partial derivative. By inverting the Laplace transform using the Gaver--Stehfest algorithm, we find the desired conditional cumulative distribution function. The developed algorithm for simulating the joint position of the L\'evy process and its extremum at a given point in time consists of two key stages. At the first stage, we simulate the extremum value of the L\'evy process based on the approximation of its cumulative distribution function $\mathbf{P}(\mathcal{S}_{T}&lt;x)$  (or $\mathbf{P}(\mathcal{I}_{T}&lt;x)$). In the second step, we simulate the final value of the L\'evy process based on the approximation of the conditional cumulative distribution function of the final position of the L\'evy process relative to its extremum.The universality of the Monte Carlo method we developed lies in the implementation of a uniform approach for a wide class of L\'evy processes, in contrast to classical approaches, when simulations are essentially based on the features of the probability distribution associated with the simulated random process or its extrema. In our approach, it is enough to know the characteristic exponent of the L\'evy process. The most time-consuming computational unit for simulating a random variable based on a known cumulative distribution function can be effectively implemented using neural networks and accelerated through parallel computing. Thus, on the one hand, the approach we propose is suitable for a wide class of L\'evy models, on the other hand, it can be combined with machine learning methods.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>процессы Леви</kwd><kwd>метод Монте–Карло</kwd><kwd>процессы экстремума</kwd><kwd>интегральные преобразования</kwd><kwd>факторизация Винера–Хопфа</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Lévy processes</kwd><kwd>Monte Carlo method</kwd><kwd>extremum processes</kwd><kwd>integral transforms</kwd><kwd>Wiener–Hopf factorization</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Исследование выполнено за счет гранта Российского научного фонда (проект № 23-21-00474, https://rscf.ru/project/23-21-00474/https://rscf.ru/project/23-21-00474/).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The research was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 23-21-00474, https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-21-00474/https://rscf.ru/en/project/23-21-00474/).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">M. 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